INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF PERIODONTOLOGY

Presents

THE IAP MUMBAI REGIONAL MEETING

17th, 18th December, 2010 at G.D.C. Mumbai

For the first time ever for Indian delegates - Dr. Jan Lindhe and Dr. Klaus Lang live on a webinar from Gothenburg and Hong Kong on the 17th of December with Dr. Vincent Iacono (Stony Boork, USA) as the local host in India along with a number of exciting scientific presentations on both days

An event not to be missed by any dentist involved in Periodontology, Implants and Full Mouth Rehabilitations.

Registration Charges : Rs 3,500/- Inclusive of lunch on both days
Special student package of Rs 2,500/-
(Applicable for Graduate, Post Graduate students and Interns)

Register online at www.perioiap.org or get in touch with Ms Laxmi at 91-22-25234728, 91-22-25293024, 91-22-25298998 or Email at ajay@bitein.com

Office : A/8, My Mother CHS, R.C.Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400074

DR. COHEN'S LECTURE ON SINGLE VISIT ENDODONTICS

Tea May Contain More Fluoride Than Once Thought, Research Shows

Science Daily (July 14, 2010) — Black tea, a Southern staple and the world's most consumed beverage, may contain higher concentrations of fluoride than previously thought, which could pose problems for the heaviest tea drinkers, Medical College of Georgia researchers say.

"The additional fluoride from drinking two to four cups of tea a day won't harm anyone; it's the very heavy tea drinkers who could get in trouble," said Dr. Gary Whitford, Regents Professor of oral biology in the School of Dentistry. He presented his findings at the 2010 International Association of Dental Research Conference in Barcelona, Spain.

Most published reports show 1 to 5 milligrams of fluoride per liter of black tea, but a new study shows that number could be as high as 9 milligrams.

Fluoride is known to help prevent dental cavities, but long-term ingestion of excessive amounts could cause bone problems. The average person ingests a very safe amount, 2 to 3 milligrams, daily through fluoridated drinking water, toothpaste and food. It would take ingesting about 20 milligrams a day over 10 or more years before posing a significant risk to bone health.

Whitford discovered that the fluoride concentration in black tea had long been underestimated when he began analyzing data from four patients with advanced skeletal fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride consumption and characterized by joint and bone pain and damage. While it is extremely rare in the United States, the common link between these four patients was their tea consumption -- each person drank 1 to 2 gallons of tea daily for the past 10 to 30 years.

"When we tested the patients' tea brands using a traditional method, we found the fluoride concentrations to be very low, so we wondered if that method was detecting all of the fluoride," Whitford said, noting that the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, creates a quandary when measuring fluoride. Unique among other plants, it accumulates huge concentrations of fluoride and aluminum in its leaves -- each mineral ranges from 600 to more than 1,000 milligrams per kilogram of leaves. When the leaves are brewed for tea, some of the minerals leach into the
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Tea May Contain More Fluoride Than Once Thought, Research Shows

ScienceDaily (July 14, 2010) — Black tea, a Southern staple and the world's most consumed beverage, may contain higher concentrations of fluoride than previously thought, which could pose problems for the heaviest tea drinkers, Medical College of Georgia researchers say.
See Also:
Health & Medicine

* Dentistry
* Nutrition
* Alternative Medicine

Plants & Animals

* Food
* Beer and Wine
* Endangered Plants

Reference

* Health benefits of tea
* Herbal tea
* White tea
* Water fluoridation

"The additional fluoride from drinking two to four cups of tea a day won't harm anyone; it's the very heavy tea drinkers who could get in trouble," said Dr. Gary Whitford, Regents Professor of oral biology in the School of Dentistry. He presented his findings at the 2010 International Association of Dental Research Conference in Barcelona, Spain.

Most published reports show 1 to 5 milligrams of fluoride per liter of black tea, but a new study shows that number could be as high as 9 milligrams.

Fluoride is known to help prevent dental cavities, but long-term ingestion of excessive amounts could cause bone problems. The average person ingests a very safe amount, 2 to 3 milligrams, daily through fluoridated drinking water, toothpaste and food. It would take ingesting about 20 milligrams a day over 10 or more years before posing a significant risk to bone health.

Whitford discovered that the fluoride concentration in black tea had long been underestimated when he began analyzing data from four patients with advanced skeletal fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride consumption and characterized by joint and bone pain and damage. While it is extremely rare in the United States, the common link between these four patients was their tea consumption -- each person drank 1 to 2 gallons of tea daily for the past 10 to 30 years.

"When we tested the patients' tea brands using a traditional method, we found the fluoride concentrations to be very low, so we wondered if that method was detecting all of the fluoride," Whitford said, noting that the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, creates a quandary when measuring fluoride. Unique among other plants, it accumulates huge concentrations of fluoride and aluminum in its leaves -- each mineral ranges from 600 to more than 1,000 milligrams per kilogram of leaves. When the leaves are brewed for tea, some of the minerals leach into the beverage.

Most published studies about black tea traditionally have used a method of measuring fluoride that doesn't account for the amount that combines with aluminum to form insoluble aluminum fluoride, which is not detected by the fluoride electrode. Whitford compared that method with a diffusion method, which breaks the aluminum-fluoride bond so that all fluoride in the tea samples can be extracted and measured.

He tested seven brands of store-bought black tea, steeping each for five minutes in deionized water, which contains no fluoride. The amount of fluoride in each sample was 1.4 to 3.3 times higher using the diffusion method than the traditional method.

The new information shouldn't deter tea drinkers, as the beverage is safe and some teas even have health benefits, Whitford said. "The bottom line is to enjoy your favorite tea, but like everything else, drink it in moderation."

ref:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100714104059.htm

The Halimeter — Measure Bad Breath Scientifically

A Halimeter is an instrument for measurement of the level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the mouth.

Halimeter was introduced in the early 1990s as an adjunct method for determining halitosis (bad breath, oral malodor) levels, alongside human assessment of odor levels (the latter is considered the gold standard).
The instrument measures parts per billion levels of hydrogen sulfide and, to a lesser extent, methyl mercaptan, two gases which were previously shown to be associated with bad breath using gas chromatograph by Dr. Joseph Tonzetich in the late 1960s.

The Halimeter is manufactured by Interscan Corp. in California, and based on their earlier model 1170 portable sulfide monitor.
This was the model used in the two original studies. These studies, conducted for the first time by Dr. Mel Rosenberg, showed a significant correlation between monitor levels and oral malodor scores.
The small size, simplicity of use, and price (relative to gas chromatograph) of the Halimeter made it popular among dentists seeking to diagnose and treat bad breath, as well as scientific researchers.
Much of the published research on bad breath over the past dozen years has employed this instrument.
The electrochemical sensor is sensitive to alcohol vapors, and requires recalibration over time.
The Halimeter has been the only VSC monitor for the diagnosis of halitosis for years, but now that its patent has expired, it faces competition from other sulfur monitors recently introduced into the marketplace.

Video on Self Adjusting File

For more details
check
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090130638


Thanks to Dr. Shahid Shaikh for sharing this wonderful information with us

microdontia/ hypodontia (Small sized teeth)

Microdontia is a condition in which teeth appear smaller than normal.
In the generalized form, all teeth are involved.
In the localized form, only a few teeth are involved.
The most common teeth affected are the upper lateral incisors and third molars.
The affected teeth may be of normal or abnormal morphology.

dEvoLopMeNTAl DistURBanCES of TEEth

Developmental disturbances means an abnormality where the pathology starts in the embryonic stage of human life, before the formation of the dentition.


Developmental disturbances in teeth are of 5 types based on the feature of the tooth they affect:

* Size of Teeth
* Shape of Teeth
* Number of Teeth
* Structure of Teeth
* Growth (Eruption) of Teeth


Size Of Teeth:

1. Microdontia
2. Macrodontia

Shape Of Teeth:

1. Germination
2. Fusion
3. Concrescence
4. Di laceration
5. Talon cusp
6. Dens in Dente
7. Dens Evaginatus
8. Taurodontism
9. Supernumerary Roots

Number Of Teeth:

1. Anodontia
2. Supernumerary Teeth
3. Pre-Decidious Teeth
4. Post-Permanent Teeth

Structure Of Teeth:

1. Amelogenesis Imperfecta
2. Environmental Enamel Hypoplasia
3. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

4. Dentin Dysplasia
5. Regional Odontodysplasia
6. Dentin Hypocalcification

Growth (or) Eruption Of Teeth:

1. Premature Eruption
2. Delayed Eruption
3. Eruption Sequestrum
4. Multiple Unerupted Teeth
5. Embedded and Impacted Teeth
6. Ankyolosed and Decidious Teeth.

Talon Cusp

A talon cusp, also known as an "eagle's talon", is an extra cusp on an anterior tooth. The term refers to the same condition as dens evaginatus, but the talon cusp is the manifestation of dens evaginatus on anterior teeth. The incidence has been found to range from less than 1% to 6% of the population.[1] Of all cases, 55% occur on the permanent maxillary lateral incisor, and 33% occur on the permanent maxillary central incisor. They are found rarely in primary teeth.

Surface Tension Comparison of Four Common Root Canal Irrigants and Two New Irrigants Containing Antibiotic Luciano Giardino, MD, DDS,* Emanuele Ambu,

Surface Tension Comparison of Four Common Root Canal
Irrigants and Two New Irrigants Containing Antibiotic
Luciano Giardino, MD, DDS,* Emanuele Ambu, MD, DDS,† Carlo Becce, MD, DDS,‡
Lia Rimondini, MD, DDS,§ and Marco Morra


http://www.endoexperience.com/filecabinet/Clinical%20Endodontics/Irrigation/MTAD/MTAD%20Surface%20Tension.pdf

New York University Certified Handson Workshop on Digital Photography for all Dental Specialities. 21st Feb, Smilecare Mumbai. Contact 9820587848

What is Sinus Lift?

http://www.drbui.com/sinuslift.html

Oral Manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/gingiva-120877-oral-manifestation-diabetes-mellitus-dentistry-new-microsoft-powerpoint-education-ppt/

Gingivitis ("inflammation of the gums") around the teeth is a general term for gingival diseases affecting the gingiva (gums).
As generally used, the term gingivitis refers to gingival inflammation induced by bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces.

Causes

Gingivitis can be defined as inflammation of the gingival tissue without loss of tooth attachment (i.e.periodontal ligament).
Gingivitis is an irritation of the gums.
It is usually caused by bacterial plaque that accumulates in the small gaps between the gums and the teeth and by calculus (tartar) that forms on the teeth.
These accumulations may be tiny, even microscopic, but the bacteria in them produce foreign chemicals and toxins that cause inflammation of the gums around the teeth. This inflammation can, over the years, cause deep pockets between the teeth and gums and loss of bone around teeth—an effect otherwise known as periodontitis.
Since the bone in the jaws holds the teeth into the jaws, the loss of bone from periodontitis can cause teeth over the years to become loose and eventually to fall out or need to be extracted because of acute infection.

Proper maintenance (varying from "regular cleanings" to periodontal maintenance or scaling and root planing) above and below the gum line, done professionally by a dental hygienist or dentist, disrupts this plaque biofilm and removes plaque retentive calculus (tartar) to help remove the etiology of inflammation.
Once cleaned, plaque will begin to grow on the teeth within hours.
However, it takes approximately 3 months for the pathogenic type of bacteria (typically gram negative anaerobes and spirochetes) to grow back into deep pockets and restart the inflammatory process.
Calculus (tartar) may start to reform within 24 hours.
Ideally, scientific studies show that all people with deep periodontal pockets (greater than 5 mm) should have the pockets between their teeth and gums cleaned by a dental hygienist or dentist every 3–4 months.

People with a healthy periodontium (gingiva, alveolar bone and periodontal ligaments) or people with gingivitis may only require periodontal debridement every 6 months.
However, many dental professionals only recommend debridement (cleanings) every 6 months, because this has been the standard advice for decades, and because the benefits of regular debridement (cleanings) are too subtle for many patients to notice without regular education from the dental hygienist or dentist.
If the inflammation in the gums becomes especially well-developed, it can invade the gums and allow tiny amounts of bacteria and bacterial toxins to enter the bloodstream.
The patient may not be able to notice this, but studies suggest this can result in a generalized increase in inflammation in the body and/or cause possible long term heart problems.
Periodontitis has also been linked to diabetes, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, pancreatic cancer and pre-term low birth weight babies.

Sometimes, the inflammation of the gingiva can suddenly amplify, such as to cause a disease called Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingitivitis (ANUG), otherwise known as "trench mouth."
The etiology of ANUG is the overgrowth of a particular type of pathogenic bacteria (fusiform-spirochete variety) but risk factors such as stress, poor nutrition and a compromised immune system can exacerbate the infection.
This results in the breath being extremely bad-smelling, and the gums feeling considerable pain and degeneration of the periodontium rapidly occurs.
This can be successfully treated with a 1-week course of Metronidazole antibiotic, followed by a deep cleaning of the gums by a dental hygienist or dentist and reduction of risk factors such as stress.

When the teeth are not cleaned properly by regular brushing and flossing, bacterial plaque accumulates, and becomes mineralized by calcium and other minerals in the saliva transforming it into a hard material called calculus (tartar) which harbors bacteria and irritates the gingiva (gums).
Also, as the bacterial plaque biofilm becomes thicker this creates an anoxygenic environment which allows more pathogenic bacteria to flourish and release toxins and cause gingival inflammation.
Pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and the onset of puberty increase the risk of gingivitis, due to hormonal changes that may increase the susceptibility of the gums or alter the composition of the dentogingival microflora.
The risk of gingivitis is increased by misaligned teeth, the rough edges of fillings, and ill fitting or unclean dentures, bridges, and crowns.
This is due to their plaque retentive properties.
Birth control pills, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth may also cause gingivitis.


Symptoms

The symptoms of gingivitis are as follows:

* Swollen gums
* Mouth sores
* Bright-red, or purple gums
* Shiny gums
* Swollen gums that emit pus
* Severe oral odor
* Gums that are tender, or painful to the touch.
* Gums that bleed easily, even with gentle brushing, and especially when flossing.
* Gum Pockets
* Bad Breath


Treatment

* Metronidazole
* Antiseptic Mouthwash
* Floss
* Hydrogen Peroxide Rinse
* Gum Surgery
* Cleaning
* Curettage
* ProxaBrush


Prevention

Gingivitis can be prevented through regular oral hygiene that includes daily brushing and flossing.
Mouthwash or Hydrogen Peroxide can be helpful, usually using peroxide or saline solutions (water and salt), alcohol or chlorhexidine.
Rigorous plaque control programs along with periodontal scaling and curettage also have proved to be helpful, although according to the American Dental Association, periodontal scaling and root planing are considered as a treatment to periodontal disease, not as a preventive treatment for periodontal disease

Researchers analyzed government data on calcium consumption and periodontal disease indicators in nearly 13,000 U.S. adults.
They found that men and women who had calcium intakes of fewer than 500 milligrams, or about half the recommended dietary allowance, were almost twice as likely to have gum disease, as measured by the loss of attachment of the gums from the teeth.
The association was particularly evident for people in their 20s and 30s.

Research says the connection between calcium and gum disease is likely due to calcium’s role in building density in the alveolar bone that supports the teeth.
Preventing gum disease may also benefit a healthy heart.
According to physicians with The Institute for Good Medicine at the Pennsylvania Medical Society, good oral health can reduce risk of cardiac events.
Poor oral health can lead to infections that can travel within the bloodstream.


Diagnosis

It is recommended that a dental hygienist or dentist be seen after the signs of gingivitis appear.
A dental hygienist or dentist will check for the symptoms of gingivitis, and may also examine the amount of plaque in the oral cavity.
A dental hygienist or dentist will also look for signs of periodontitis using X-rays or periodontal probing as well as other methods.

Hypervitaminosis A, otherwise known as excess Vitamin A in the diet, has also been linked to gingivitis in cats and dogs.[citation needed]
Whether this is applicable to humans remains unclear.

If gingivitis is not responsive to treatment, referral to a periodontist (a specialist in diseases of the gingiva and bone around teeth and dental implants) for further treatment may be necessary.


Complications

* Tooth loss
* Recurrence of gingivitis
* Periodontitis
* Infection or abscess of the gingiva or the jaw bones
* Trench mouth (bacterial infection and ulceration of the gums)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis

Oral health: The First Reflector of AIDS

About Oral health And AIDS

AIDS has taken on massive proportions in modern times. It is estimated that over 15 million people are suffering from the disease and many more are harboring the dreaded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Besides creating havoc on the body's immune system, the AIDS virus also causes serious damage to the mouth and the surrounding structures. The mouth as we know is a hotbed of all kinds of microorganisms, some of which are quite normal to the area. But under immunocompromised conditions, these 'normal' microorganisms start to cause irreparable damage to the area. Besides, the teeth themselves, lips, tongue, gums and cheeks are affected by AIDS.

What actually happens in AIDS?

The basic defect in AIDS is that the virus destroys the immune system of the affected individual. In fact, it is not as much the virus as the individual who is responsible for all the illnesses suffered as a result of AIDS. All that the virus does is rendering the immune system impotent, thereby affecting the individual's capacity to ward off common infections. This is why pneumonia happens to be the leading cause of mortality in AIDS. One thing to be noted is that being HIV-positive does not necessarily mean having AIDS. These two are different scenarios. Full-blown AIDS occurs only after certain immune functions are completely destroyed by the virus.

AIDS and the mouth

The mouth is the first area where the AIDS virus presents striking signs. Some of the conditions exclusively associated with AIDS are as follows:

1. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
2. Oral Candidiasis
3. Kaposi's Sarcoma
4. Oral Pigmentation
5. Gum Disease

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

This condition is exclusively AIDS-related, and is a 100 per cent sure sign that the individual has begun to develop the full-blown version of the disease. Typically, Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) occurs on the lateral borders or on the sides of the tongue. It is a white lesion without any borders that cannot be rubbed off even by vigorous efforts. OHL can also occur on the palate, the cheeks, or the lips, but such instances are very rare. It is estimated that an individual who has this condition will develop full-blown AIDS within 31 months after the condition first arises.

Oral Candidiasis

Candida is a fungus that forms a normal part of the oral flora. The diminished resistance and the reduced overall immunity in AIDS trigger its proliferation to high levels to cause Candidiasis, a fungal infection in the oral cavity. This condition is present in 90 percent of AIDS cases. The infection can occur either on the hard or the soft palate, or the tongue. Sometimes it also occurs at the corners of the lips leading to crusting of the area. On very rare occasions, it can occur on the cheeks.

Kaposi's Sarcoma

Kaposi's Sarcoma is a malignant tumor that occurs most often on the palate and on the gums. It is again a diagnostic feature of AIDS. It occurs almost exclusively in homosexual males, and the male: female ratio is 20:1. The condition is usually painless and takes on a brownish or a purple hue after sometime. Most often Kaposi's sarcoma is present only in the mouth.

Oral Pigmentation

In most cases of AIDS, there is increased pigmentation in the oral cavity. The areas affected in succession are the gums, the tongue and the palate. Most often drugs like ketoconazole and zidovudine are responsible for this condition. The pigmentation is usually brownish-black in color.

Gum Disease

It is natural to expect that any condition that lowers host immunity to affect the gums. So also is the case with AIDS. Both Gingivitis-- of the gums, and Periodontitis--inflammation of the tooth-supporting tissues, is a manifestation of AIDS. The inflammation of the gums appear inflamed in a straight line. The inflammation of the tooth-supporting tissues varies widely and could range from a simple inflammation to a complex one, involving loss of a number of teeth. Both conditions are very painful and traumatic.

Treatment

The line of treatment for the above conditions is usually symptomatic. The fact is that as of now there is no known treatment for AIDS and the Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) remains the only recourse.

FAQs

Which doctor should I see if I have AIDS?

Your physician is the first doctor that you should consult. In case the oral symptoms are causing mush distress, you can consult your dentist for symptomatic relief of the same.

Does Oral Hairy Leukoplakia occur in any other condition?

No. Till date, OHL has been exclusively associated with AIDS and is an indicator that the individual is on the road to developing the full-blown version of the same.

What about Candidiasis?

Candidiasis is basically a fungal infection and in cases where no other reason for its occurrence can be discerned, it is almost always due to AIDS.

What precautions must be taken to avoid gum disease in AIDS?

It is said that a clean tooth never decays. Hence, the best way to prevent the impact of gum disease in AIDS is to keep the teeth as clean as possible. Brush twice daily and use an anti-bacterial mouthwash to gargle after every meal so that food particles do not get stuck between the teeth.

http://www.oralcareindia.com/patients/diseases/oralhealthandaids.asp

Bad Breath

Many people worry about bad breath, either their own or someone else’s. The advertising media have made much of the social stigma arising from ‘offensive breath’ to their own advantage. Bad breath or halitosis may indicate a dental problem, but this may not always be the case.

CAUSES
The odour may be caused by factors in the mouth or by changes occurring in other parts of the body.

Local factors:
· Decaying food particles on or between the teeth
· A coated tongue covered by growing microorganism.
· Unclean dentures
· Smell of tobacco
· Alcohol
· Gum diseases with pus production involved
· Healing wounds after a surgery or extraction

Causes arising away from the mouth:
· Head cold with infected nasal air passages
· Acute inflammation of air spaces present within the facial
bones (often filled with a great deal of pus )
· Tonsillitis.
· Many waste products are broken down from food and drink
are excreted through the lungs and this applies to alcoholic
drinks as well as pungent foods like onion, garlic etc.
· Diabetes in which the patient has a sweet acetone breath.

Bad breath is not a disease; it is rather a symptom, which indicates the presence of disease either within the mouth or away from the mouth. Odours, which may appear unpleasant to many, may not be the same to some e.g. People in the Mediterranean area are accustomed to the scent of garlic, a scent which many people around the world find obnoxious.

Good Dental Hygiene Not Enough for preventing Tooth Enamel Decay!!

Experts have pointed that the two factors - too little saliva and inadequate fluoride - and not good dental hygiene alone, that necessarily stop tooth enamel from decaying.

Saliva- It supplies high levels of calcium and phosphate particles that enhance protection of the tooth's enamel surface, which protects the teeth.

Also, it washes away food and the sticky film of acid-producing plaque that can cling to teeth.

But, certain medical conditions - Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder, diabetes and HIV or AIDS - or their treatments can lead to dry mouth.

Inadequate fluoride: The exposure of teeth to this mineral can be increased through drinking fluoridated water and brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpastes.

It is an important enamel ally that can make teeth stronger and can enhance saliva's remineralizing, anti-decay properties.

Experts suggest people who drink primarily bottled or filtered water may not be getting adequate fluoride.

Source-ANI
TRI

http://www.oralcareindia.com/news/view_news_main.asp?x=527